A device that uses electric fields to increase
the energy of charged particles, such as electrons and protons,
to the point where they can induce a nuclear reaction upon
collision with a target material.
A series of 15, chemically similar, artificially
prepared, radioactive elements ranging from atomic number
89 (actinium) to atomic number 103 (lawrencium).
The process of causing a material to become
radioactive.
A material made up of a mixture of two or more
metals or metals and non-metals, often increasing the resulting
material strength.
An electrically charged particle emitted from
the nucleus of an atom, containing two protons and two neutrons,
identical to the nucleus of a helium atom, without electrons.
Also see: Beta particle, Gamma
rays.
A device controlling the amount of light admitted
in an optical system.
An indication in an image that is not associated
with any defect or other physical characteristic of the specimen.
An approach to radiation protection that aims to manage both individual and collective doses to the work force, the general public and the environment keeping doses as low as social, technical, economic, practical and public policy considerations allow.
The smallest component of a chemical element
having the chemical properties of that element, made up of
a nucleus surrounded by electrons; from the Greek word ‘atomos’
meaning indivisible.
The mass of an atom, approximately equal to
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons located
in the atom’s nucleus.
A mass unit equalling 1.66 x 10^-27 kg.
Different for each element, the atomic number
is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, and is
used for element identification.
A machine (an accelerator) that speeds up atomic
and subatomic particles so that they can be used as projectiles
to literally blast apart the nuclei of other atoms.
Also see: Accelerator.
To lessen the amount, force, or value of.
The reduction in the intensity of radioactivity
by absorption or scattering while passing through a material.
Self-portraits of radioactive sources made by
placing the radioactive material next to photographic film.
The radiation fogs the film leaving an image of the source.
It was such self-portraits that led to the discovery of radioactivity.
The natural radiation present in everything
surrounding us. Examples of this include radiation from the
sun's rays, radiation from elements in the ground, and radiation
from within our bodies. Background radiation varies with location
and time, and it can never be reduced to zero.
A small electrically charged particle thrown off by many radioactive materials. It is identical to the electron by originates from an atomic nucleus. A beta particle possesses the smallest electric charge found in nature
Also see: Alpha particle, Gamma
ray.
A large doughnut-shaped accelerator in which
electrons (beta particles) are whirled through a changing
magnetic field gaining speed with each trip and emerging with
high energies. Energies of the order of 100 million electron
volts have been achieved. The Betatron produces artificial
beta radiation.
The energy required to separate a particle
(proton, neutron or electron) from an atom or molecule.
The act of subjecting an object or substance
to the impact of high-energy particles such as neutrons
or beta particles.
The process of transforming a fertile material
into a fissile material. Nuclear reactors often breed plutonium-239
from uranium-238.
A reactor that produces more nuclear fuel
than it consumes through the process of breeding..
A measure of the thermal energy released by
nuclear fuel relative to its mass.
The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission controls
the development, application, and use of nuclear energy in
Canada.
A blue glow emitted by a charged particle when
it travels through a medium, faster than the speed of light
in that medium. Cerenkov radiation can be seen in some nuclear
reactors in the water surrounding the core.
A reaction in which reactants necessary to undergo
the reaction are produced by the reaction, resulting in a
self-sustaining reaction. Neutrons, necessary in order for
fission to occur, are produced in a fission reaction, enabling
fission to continue with no external input.
A radioactive isotope of the element cobalt.
Cobalt-60 is an important source of gamma radiation and is
used widely in research and medical treatments.
A numerical measure of a physical or chemical
property that is constant for a system under specified conditions
such as the linear attenuation coefficient.
A device for producing a beam of parallel rays
of light or other radiation or for forming an infinitely distant
virtual image that can be viewed without parallax. 2:
a device for obtaining a beam of molecules, atoms, or nuclear
particles of limited cross section.
A type of gamma interaction with a material
where the photon collides with an electron, resulting in an
increase in electron energy and a decrease in photon energy.
Radioactive substances dispersed in materials
and places where it is undesirable. An object is contaminated
when radioactive particles attach themselves to non-radioactive
materials. Exposure to radiation does not contaminate a material.
A rod used to control the power of a nuclear reactor. The reactor functions through the splitting of nuclear fuel atoms by interaction with neutrons. The control rod absorbs neutrons, which would normally split atoms of the fuel. Pushing the rods in reduces the release of atomic energy. Pulling the rods out increases the release of atomic energy.
A reactor that uses one kind of fuel and produces
another. For example a converter charged with uranium isotopes
might consume uranium-235 and produce plutonium from uranium-238.
A fluid that circulates through the reactor
removing fission heat.
The part of a nuclear reactor where the fission
reaction occurs, the fuel location. The total array of fuel,
moderator and control elements.
A huge accelerator, one of the atomic "guns,"
located at Brookhaven National Laboratory. It speeds up particles
to the billion electron volt range. The Brookhaven machine
has a magnet weighing 2,200 tons.
A device for counting nuclear disintegrations
to measure radioactivity. The signal which announces a disintegration
is called a count.
An assembly of nuclear materials capable of
achieving criticality.
The amount of nuclear fuel in the proper shape necessary to sustain a chain reaction. If too little fuel is present, or the mass is not in the proper shape, too many neutrons will stray and the reaction will die out.
A reaction is said to have achieved criticality if it is generating enough neutrons to maintain the reaction at the same level that it is currently operating at. Creating too many neutrons makes the reaction super-critical, and too few neutrons makes the reaction sub-critical.
See also: Sub-Critical, Super-critical.
The traditional unit of measure for radioactivity. The radioactivity of one gram of radium is a Curie. The Curie was named for Pierre and Marie Curie, pioneers in radioactivity and discoverers of the elements radium, radon, and polonium.
A circular particle accelerator in which the
particle path is bent in traveling through a magnetic field.
An oscillating potential difference causes the particles to
gain energy.
The process by which the nucleus of a radioactive
isotope decomposes and releases radioactivity. For example,
carbon 14 (a radioisotope of carbon) decays by losing a beta
particle, thereby becoming nitrogen 14, which is unstable.
One or more flaws whose aggregate size, shape,
orientation, location or properties do not meet specified
acceptance criteria and are rejectable.
The separation of a laminated plastic material
along the plane of its constituent layers.
Accidents that are postulated for the purpose
of establishing requirements for safety of significant structures,
systems, components, and equipment.
An isotope of hydrogen containing one neutron
and one proton in its nucleus, therefore weighing twice as
much as a hydrogen atom.
The nucleus of an atom of deuterium.
A drawing apart. 2. deviation from a
course or standard.
Neutron radiography carried out with the imaging
medium in the neutron beam with the object.
A lack of continuity or cohesion; an intentional
or unintentional interruption in the physical structure
or configuration of a material or component.
The quantity of radiation energy absorbed by
a tissue or person while the tissue or person is present in
a radiation field.
An instrument used in measuring the radiation
dose a person has received.
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A method to treat or stabilize spent nuclear
fuel for ultimate disposal.
Effective
Dose
For a person, the effective dose is the sum
of equivalent doses to each organ or tissue multiplied by
a tissue weighting factor. Equal effective doses to different
tissues or organs produce the same detriment. The tissue weighting
factor adjusts for the varying sensitivity of tissues and
organs to radiation exposure. The SI unit of equivalent dose
is the sievert (Sv) and the traditional unit is the rem.
Net electrical power generated, measured in
‘megawatts electric’, MWe.
Electro-mechanical Manipulators
Electro-mechanical manipulators serve a function
similar to that of master-slave manipulators, but are power
operated. Large contaminated or radioactive objects cannot
be handled or examined without mechanical assistance. Cranes
and motor driven manipulators allow engineers full freedom
to work safely with spent fuel or any other health hazardous
materials.
A minute atomic particle possessing the smallest
amount of negative charge found in nature. In an atom the
electrons rotate around a small, massive nucleus. The weight
of an electron is so small that it would take 500 octillions
(followed by 27 zeros) of them to make a pound. The mass of
an electron is approximately one two-thousandth of the mass
of a proton or neutron
See also: Proton, Neutron.
A small unit of energy used for expressing the
energy of nuclear processes on the atomic level. Also expressed
in kilo electron-volts (keV) and mega electron-volts (MeV).
A basic substance consisting of a "family"
of naturally occurring isotopes. For example, hydrogen, lead,
and oxygen are elements. All atoms of an element contain a
definite number of protons and thus have the same atomic number.
Made better or improved in quality. Natural
uranium contains about 0.7% U-235. For use in reactors, it
is usually enriched so that it contains a higher percentage
of U-235.
Epithermal
Radiography
The use of neutrons of energy greater than ~
0.5 eV (greater than thermal) for radiographic inspection.
Equivalent
Dose
The average absorbed dose for a tissue or organ
multiplied by the radiation weighting factor. The SI unit
of equivalent dose is the sievert (Sv) and the traditional
unit is the rem.
Evaluation
A review, following interpretation of the indications
noted, to determine whether they meet specified acceptance
criteria.
The operation of a reactor beyond its normal
operating limits. This is usually done experimentally to test
reactor stability and to explore safety features of nuclear
reactors.
F
Neutrons having energy levels greater than 0.1
MeV. Neutrons ejected from a nucleus during fission that have
not been slowed by a moderator are fast neutrons.
A nuclear reactor that operates using fast neutrons.
Fertile
Isotopes that can be transmitted into fissile
nuclides via neutron capture. Examples of fertile nuclei include
U-238 and Th-232.
A piece of masked photographic film worn like
a badge by nuclear workers. It is darkened by nuclear radiation,
and radiation exposure can be checked by inspecting the film.
The splitting of a nucleus into at least two
other nuclei, releasing a relatively large amount of energy.
On average, two to three fast neutrons are released during
a fission reaction. Fission reactions are induced by thermal
neutrons and occur only with heavy elements such as uranium
and plutonium.
Nuclides that can be induced to fission with
neutrons of energy greater than thermal neutrons. Fissile
nuclides, Th-232 and U-238 are examples of fissionable nuclei.
Nuclides that can be induced to fission with
thermal neutrons having very small kinetic energies. U-235
and Pu-239 are examples of fissile nuclei.
The nuclei formed by the fission of heavy elements.
They are of medium atomic weight and often radioactive. Fission
products include a wide range of common elements such as iodine,
cesium, and strontium.
An imperfection or discontinuity that may
be detectable by nondestructive testing and is not necessarily
rejectable.
The process of quantifying the size, shape,
orientation, location, growth, or other properties of a
flaw based on NDT response.
The number of items passing through a unit area
in a unit time. Neutron flux is measured in units of neutrons/cm2/s.
A thin, flexible metallic sheet. Some foils,
used in neutron radiography are capable of absorbing neutrons,
causing the emission of energy.
Fuel
Any fissionable material such as U-235, U-238,
P-239 and Th-232. Most reactors utilize this fuel in a ceramic
form.
The smallest unit combining fuel elements into
an assembly. A fuel bundle is made up of several fuel elements.
Fuel cladding is a metal used to encase nuclear
fuel for the purposes of protection and structural support.
Zirconium alloys are often used for cladding material.
Fuel
Element
The smallest sealed unit of fuel. A fuel element,
also called a fuel rod, is often a metal tube containing ceramic
pellets of fuel.
The joining of atomic nuclei to form a heavier
nucleus, accomplished under conditions of extreme heat (millions
of degrees). If two nuclei of light atoms fuse, the fusion
is accompanied by the release of a great deal of energy. The
energy of the sun is believed to be derived from the fusion
of hydrogen atoms to form helium.
G
A form of highly biologically penetrating ionizing
radiation, gamma rays are the highest energy, shortest wavelength
electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays are commonly thought
of as any photon having energies greater than 100 keV.
A gas-filled electrical device which detects
the presence of radioactivity by counting the formation of
ions.
A form of carbon used as 'lead' in pencils, as well as a highly effective neutron moderator.
Gray
The SI unit of absorbed dose, equal to one joule
of energy deposition per kilogram.
H
A means of classifying the rate of decay of
radioisotopes according to the time it takes for half of the
atoms of a sample to decay. Half lives range from fractions
of seconds to billions of years. Cobalt-60, for example, has
a half-life of 5.3 years.
Half-Value Layer
The amount of material required to reduce the
intensity of a radiation field to half of its original intensity.
A method of transferring heat from one fluid
to another without the actual contact of those fluids.
Water containing deuterium atoms instead of
regular hydrogen atoms. Heavy water is widely used in nuclear
reactors as a neutron moderator.
A common term used to describe the state of
being radioactive.
A hot cell is a heavily shielded room that allows
engineers to examine highly radioactive or contaminated materials.
The walls are made from special materials that will not allow
the harmful radiation to escape.
See also: Shielded cells.
Made up of, or containing hydrogen. Water, plastics,
rubber and wax are all hydrogenous materials.
I
To subject to electromagnetic radiation.
Imperfection
A departure of a quality characteristic from
its intended condition.
The use of safety systems that need no computer
or human response to function. Systems that are inherently
safe depend on natural phenomena and the laws of physics to
operate.
Ion
An atom or molecular fragment that has a positive
or negative electrical charge due to the loss or acquisition
of one or more electrons, respectively.
A device roughly similar to a Geiger counter
and used to measure radioactivity.
Having been exposed to radiation, not necessarily
radioactive.
An atom having the same number of protons in its nucleus as other varieties of the element but a different number of neutrons. Isotopes have the same atomic number but different masses. U-235 and U-238 are both isotopes of Uranium..
The change or decomposition of one isotope into
another isotope.
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The derived SI unit of energy, equal to one
Newton-metre.
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The act of putting the nuclear reactor facility
in the state of protective storage.
In radiation physics, the fraction of a beam
of radiation that is absorbed or scattered per unit thickness
of absorbing material.
Waste that contains radioactivity and is not
classified as high-level waste, transuranic waste, spent nuclear
fuel, or by-product material.
A reactor that is designed to produce relatively
small amounts of energy. Reactors of this type are primarily
used for research or testing.
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The cross section characterizing the probability
of interaction of a neutron with a unit thickness of a specific
material, a macroscopic size scale.
Master Slave
Manipulators
Mechanical hands used to handle hot materials.
They are remotely controlled from behind a protective shield.
Metallurgy
The science and technology of metals.
The cross section characterizing the probability
of interaction of a neutron with only a single nucleus, a
microscopic size scale.
A material used for the purpose of reducing
neutron energy. Moderation of fast neutrons to thermal neutrons
is essential in acquiring a nuclear chain reaction. Materials
containing atoms closest in mass to that of a neutron are
the most effective moderators, such as hydrogen and carbon.
A collection of two or more atoms held together
by chemical bonds; the smallest unit of a compound that displays
the properties of the compound.
N
Sub-atomic particle with no charge located in
the nucleus of an atom having mass slightly greater than that
of a proton.
See also: Electron, Proton.
A non-destructive testing technique whereby
and object is bombarded with neutrons in order to produce
an image of its internal structure. A neutron radiograph is
similar to an X-ray image, but displays different properties
of materials.
Inspection methods involving no alteration of
physical state or rearrangement of chemical constitution.
An indication that is caused by a condition
or type of discontinuity that is not rejectable. False indications
are non-relevant.
Shooting atomic projectiles at nuclei, usually
in an attempt to split the target atom or to form a new element.
Energy released in a nuclear reaction such as
fission (splitting of an atomic nucleus) or fusion (joining
of two atomic nuclei).
Nuclear
Excursion
The rapid release of reactor power above set
operation levels.
A process that alters the energy, structure
or composition of atomic nuclei. Examples of nuclear reactions
include fission, fusion and radioactive decay.
The massive, positively charged central part
of an atom, composed mainly of protons and neutrons, around
which the electrons revolve.
Nuclear Safety
and Control Act
Canadian federal legislation governing all uses
of radioactivity in Canada.
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The emission of an electron from a surface as
the surface absorbs a photon of electromagnetic radiation.
Electrons so emitted are termed photoelectrons.
Photon
A quantum or distinct bundle of electromagnetic energy.
Term for a nuclear reactor derived from the
fact that early reactors were "piles" of graphite
blocks and uranium slugs.
An ore containing both uranium and radium.
The Curies had to purify tons of pitchblende to obtain a
barely visible speck of radium.
An artificially prepared element, isotopes
of which are fissile.
A substance that reduces the number of fission
reactions occurring by absorbing neutrons. The presence
of high enough poison levels in a nuclear reactor core will
cause the chain reaction to stop.
A particle having the same mass and charge
as an electron but being electrically positive rather than
negative. The positron's existence was predicted in theory
years before it was actually detected. Positrons are not
stable in matter as they recombine with free electrons in
the process of annihilation.
A proton is a subatomic particle found in
the nucleus of every atom. The proton has a positive electrical
charge, equal and opposite to that of the electron. If isolated,
a single proton would have a mass of only 1.673 x 10-27
kilogram, just slightly less than the mass of a neutron.
See also: Electron, Neutron.
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Pertaining to the radius or line from a circle centre to the circumference of the circle. A type of neutron beam.
Energy traveling as a wave motion, i.e. the
energy of electromagnetic waves.
The rate of flow of radiant energy.
Energy that is transmitted in the form of
rays, waves or particles. Major forms of radiation include
alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation.
Material for which there is no longer a useful
purpose and contains radioactive materials, thus requiring
special procedures for management, storage and disposal.
The spontaneous decay or disintegration of
an unstable atomic nucleus accompanied by the emission of
radiation.
An image produced on a sensitive surface by
a form of radiation other than light.
The art, act, or process of making radiographs.
A radioactive isotope of an element. Radioisotopes
can be produced by placing material in a nuclear reactor
and bombarding it with neutrons. Radioisotopes are used
as tracers in many areas of science, industry and medicine.
Direct observation of objects opaque to light
by means of some other form of radiant energy.
A radioactive decay product of uranium often
found in uranium ore. Radium has several radioactive isotopes.
A vessel containing a nuclear reaction. In
a reactor, fission of a nuclear fuel releases energy in
the form of heat, which is absorbed by water. The energy
causes the water to change state into steam, which can be
used to drive turbines connected to generators, producing
electricity.
Relevant
Indication
An indication that is caused by a condition
or type of discontinuity that requires evaluation.
The process or capability of making distinguishable
the individual parts of an object, closely adjacent optical
images or sources of light.
The traditional unit of measure of exposure
to ionizing radiation.
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A neutron-nucleus scattering interaction
occurs when a neutron collides with the nucleus of an
atom and is randomly deflected at a lower energy. Neutron
scattering can be elastic or inelastic.
A parameter characterizing the probability
that a neutron-nuclear scattering reaction will occur.
Scram
To shut down a nuclear reaction by inserting
control rods or some other sort of poison. The term is derived
from the acronym for Safety Control Rod Axe Man. During
the first reactor experiments, the control rods to stop
the reaction were suspended by a rope. The safety control
rod axe man stood by the rope to cut it with an axe in case
of an accident. Once the rope was cut, the rods fell into
the core, and the reaction stopped.
Absorbing material used to attenuate both
neutron and gamma radiation.
A place where radioactive materials can be
stored or worked with safely. The shielding can be formed
from many materials: lead, thick concrete, steel, dirt,
etc.
Seivert
(Sv)
The SI unit of effective and equivalent dose,
equal to one Joule per kilogram.
A "fuel element" for a nuclear reactor,
a piece of fissionable material. The slugs in large reactors
consist of uranium metal coated with aluminum to prevent
corrosion.
Any substance which emits radiation. Usually
refers to a piece of radioactive material conveniently packaged
for scientific or industrial use.
An instrument used in separating incoming
radiation into its constituent wavelengths or energies.
Spent Nuclear
Fuel
Used nuclear reactor fuel composed of fissile
material that has reached the end of its usefulness as a
result of reactor operation.
Sub-Critical
A state in which a fissionable mass is not
critical or super-critical. When a mass is sub-critical,
the number of free neutrons that escape the core is greater
than the number of free neutrons being generated. If the
core of a nuclear reaction becomes sub-critical, the reaction
will not be able to sustain itself and it will die out.
A state in which a fissionable mass is above
the criticality point. When a mass is super-critical, the
number of free neutrons that escape the core is less than
the number of free neutrons being generated by fission.
If the core of a nuclear reaction becomes super-critical,
the power of the reaction will grow exponentially until
stopped either by natural processes, such as thermal expansion,
or by operator action.
The act of heating a material, such as water
(steam), well above its boiling point. In some reactors,
steam is superheated to a temperature of 850°F to allow
it to turn turbines with greater efficiency.
T
A direction along the tangent of a circle; following a straight line perpendicular to the radius. A type of neutron beam.
A neutron having energy in the range 0.01 eV to 0.3 eV, with a nominal value of 0.025 eV, which corresponds to a speed of 2200 m/s. Thermal neutrons are significantly more likely to interact with the nucleus of an atom resulting in fission than are fast neutrons. Neutrons released in a fission reaction are born at high energies and must therefore be slowed using a moderator in order to maintain criticality..
Thermal
Power
Power produced in the form of heat, measured
in ‘megawatts thermal’, MWt.
A fusion reaction, that is, a reaction in
which two light nuclei combine to form a heavier atom, releasing
a large amount of energy. This is believed to be the sun's
source of energy. It is called thermonuclear because it
occurs only at a very high temperature.
A heavy element. When bombarded with neutrons,
thorium changes into uranium, becoming fissionable and thus
a source of atomic energy.
A diagnostic technique using radiographs in which the shadows of structures in front of and behind the section or plane under scrutiny do not show.
A radioisotope mixed with a stable material,
which enables people to trace the material as it undergoes
chemical and physical changes. Tracers are used widely in
science, industry, and agriculture. When radioactive phosphorous,
for example, is mixed with a chemical fertilizer the radioactive
substance can be traced through the plant as it grows.
Transfer
Radiography
Neutron radiography where the imaging medium,
usually film, is not located in the neutron beam.
Special reactor operation that is usually
of very short duration.
Elements with atomic numbers greater than
92. These are called transuranic because they are man made
and derived from uranium.
Waste containing alpha-emitting radio nuclides
with an atomic number greater than 92 and half-lives greater
than 20 years at concentrations greater than 100 nano curies
per gram (nCi/g) without regard to source or form (e.g.
plutonium, americium, curium, etc.)
An isotope of hydrogen containing two neutrons
and one proton in its nucleus, therefore weighing three
times as much as a hydrogen atom. Tritium is radioactive
and can substitute water in the body, therefore posing a
significant health risk.
A turbine is a large wheel that turns when
a fluid (water, air, steam) moves over the blades. When
a turbine moves, its energy can be used to turn a shaft
that is connected to a generator, generating electricity.
This is how nuclear energy is turned into electricity.
U
Uranium 235; a rare, fissile isotope of uranium.
U-235 is the only naturally occurring isotope that can be
used to sustain a chain reaction. Only 0.7% of naturally
occurring uranium is fissile U-235.
An atom that is in an excited energy state
and therefore gives off energy in order to return to its
ground, stable state. Radioactive isotopes are unstable
and release energy in the form of radioactivity until they
reach a stable state.
A naturally occurring heavy metal with atomic
number 92. The two principal isotopes of natural uranium
are fissile U-235, which is commonly used as nuclear fuel
and fissionable U-238. U-235 is the only fissile isotope
occurring in appreciable quantities in nature. Only 0.7%
of naturally occurring uranium is U-235, the remaining 99.3%
being U-238. Natural uranium is often enriched in order
to increase the percentage of U-235 for use as nuclear fuel.
V
W
The SI unit of power. Standard light bulbs
use between 60 and 100 W. Power is often expressed in kilowatts
(1kW = 1x103 W) or megawatts (1MW = 1x106
W).
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Highly penetrating radiation similar to gamma
rays. Unlike gamma rays, X-rays do not come from the nucleus
of the atom, but from the surrounding electrons. They are
produced by electron bombardment. When these rays pass through
an object they give a shadow picture of the denser portions.
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A reactor that produces negligible power.
These reactors are used for testing core configurations.
"Inspecting,
detecting and protecting for a safer tomorrow" - We are ISO 9001:2000
Registered